Leibniz s Principle Of The Identity Of Indiscernibles

Leibniz’s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles A1: Leibniz’s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII) The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII) claims that in nature, there cannot be two individual things that differ in number alone (Primary Truths, p. 32). The symbolic notation of (PII)—∀P (Pa Pb) — ( a = b)—indicates that if, for every property P, thing a has property P if and only if thing b has property P, then thing a is identical to thing b. Hence, if two things (a and b) have exactly the same properties, they must be identical—i.e. they must be the same thing (numerically one). For example, Billy offers a complete description of all the properties that constitute Sacramento, and Bob offers a complete†¦show more content†¦31-32). So, in this paper, identities will be called unqualified (or basic) primary truths, and definitions will be called qualified (or derivative) primary truths. A3: Retracing Leibniz’s Reasoning P1: Unqualified Primary Truths are identities. Sub-P1: P1 is supplemented by the Principle of Contradiction (PC). P2: Qualified Primary Truths are partial identities with the help of a priori definitions. Sub-P2: P2 is supplemented by the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). C: So, there cannot be two indiscernible Primary Truths that differ in number alone (PII). Unqualified primary truths are identities since they (i) assert themselves (e.g., ‘A is A’) or (ii) deny the opposite of their opposites (e.g., ‘A is not not A’). Examples of Unqualified primary truths are: (i) ‘I am always identical to myself’, and (ii) ’I am always not not identical to myself’. Leibniz claims that these type truths can be supplemented by his Principle of Contradiction (PC). PC states that anything which implies a contradiction is false. Hence, if people disagree with the claim (i) ‘I am always identical to myself’ they would be claiming a falsehood. I can immediately point out that they are stating a contradiction—i.e. ‘A is not A’ contradicts ‘A is A’. Qualified primary truths are partial identities since they are identities if and only if they have a priori definitions that are independent ofShow MoreRelatedI. Introduction. The Mind Body Problem Is A Problem That15 90 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction The mind body problem is a problem that has been around for a long time. The problem is the question Does the body rule the mind, or does the mind rule the body?, the reason it s still a problem today is because we don t have a scientific understanding of how the mind and body interact. The interactions of the mind and the matter of the body is seen every day. You can only be aware of things around you through your senses. When you touch a table, your fingers tell you throughRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Geological And Biological Science1690 Words   |  7 Pagesstood in contrast to uniformitarianism, also known as gradualism, which posited that the earth s morphology has been brought about in gradual incremental changes, and that geological processes are essentially unchanged today from the unobservable past. Lyell, a contemporary and friend of Darwin’s, was a geologist who published books advocating for this view. Darwin would have had access to Lyell’s Principles of Geology, and almost certainly relied upon it to formulate his theories of evolution- after

The Historical Geography of Mesopotamia Essay - 2201 Words

The Historical Geography of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region in southwest Asia where the worlds earliest civilization developed. The name comes from a Greek word meaning between rivers, referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, north or northwest of the bottleneck at Baghdad. It is known as Al-Jazirah, or The Island, to the Arabs (3). South of this lies Babylonia. However, in the broader sense, the name Mesopotamia has come to be used for the area bounded on the northeast by the Zagros Mountains, and on the southwest by the edge of the Arabian Plateau, and stretching from the Persian Gulf in the southeast to the Anti-Taurus Mountains in the northwest (5). Only from the latitude of Baghdad do†¦show more content†¦Another of these national standards is knows and understands that physical processes shape patterns on the earth?s surface. This is also very important in the sense that this really is the core of geographic knowledge. I will try to incorporate this in by describing the e ffects of the twin rivers on this region. Another standard that I will use is knows and understands the characteristics, distribution, and migrations of human populations. This basically means that we should know how people end up where they are in the world. I plan on incorporating this point into my paper as well. And a final standard that I will use will be knows and understands the changes in meaning, distribution, and importance of resources. Natural resources are extremely important in any civilization. I plan to show how vital it was in the shaping of Mesopotamian history. Mesopotamia?s Favorable Geographic Circumstances Archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia, conducted since about 1840, have revealed evidence of settlement back to about 10,000 BC. Favorable geographic circumstances allowed the peoples of Mesopotamia to evolve from a hunter-gatherer culture to a culture based on husbandry, agriculture, and permanent settlements (1). Trade with other regions also flourished, as indicated by the presence in early burial sites of metals and precious stones not locally available (6). Mesopotamia is a flat, fertile land. Between Baghdad and the mouth of theShow MoreRelatedHow Did the Geographic Features of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Impact Civilization Development?1786 Words   |  8 Pagesto 2500 BC, the geography of a land often impacted a civilizations development in great measures. Depending on the resources available or the detriments present due to certain topographical characteristics like rivers or deserts, a civilization could flourish or collapse. By studying the geographic features of growing societies like the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris Rivers as well as the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt and Mesopotamia, the link between developing cultures and geography will be examinedRead MoreThe Road Of The Grand Canal Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesago, Alexander the great founding of the largest Silk Road, a network of trade routes linking Asia to the Middle East, Mediterranean, and Europe. Historically, many scholars consider this area as the cradle of humani ty. Civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, such as the Sumerians and Babylonians, contributed cultural elements that are still important to us thousands of years later. Over time, the region was invaded repeatedly, producing a variety of cultural patterns. [30] In 1930 near Kirkuk cityRead MoreComparing The Egyptians And The Mesopotamians Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesEqual rights between men and women existed in both of the empires societies. (2). 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After the Sumerian Civilization was establishedRead MoreThe World Of World History1284 Words   |  6 PagesComparing different societies. 2.Identifying big changes and developments in the human experience. B. Students become active and engaged learners through analysis and interpretation. 1.Rather than serving as passive for torrents of historical facts and events. 2. Underpinning interpretation and the issues of time, place, and topic. III. This textbook pays a lot of attention to periodization. Some complexities rise above the six-stage world history periodization. A.Each periodRead MoreAncient Greek Architecture : The Doric Style And The Ionic Design Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom 1100 BC till about 146 BC. Many similarities and differences existed between these two civilizations, as even though they co-existed during a certain timeframe they were located in different geographical areas. Because of these differences in geography, both these civilizations were subjected to different kinds of exposure, which included contact with other civilization and cultural inheritance. In the political sphere, we find that the Egyptian civilization had stronger emphasis on central authorityRead MoreResearch Resources Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesRepresenting nearly 300 institutions across the country, the Archives Hub is an effective way to discover unique and often little-known sources to support your research. CIA World Factbook: provides information on the history, people, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 world entities. Our Reference tab includes maps of the major world regions, as well as Flags of the World, a Physical Map of the World, a Political Map of the World, a WorldRead MoreHistory And Historical Context Of The Old Testament1684 Words   |  7 Pagesgiven to its historical and cultural context, and to the major milestones in its development. Personal application of the teachings offered in this section of the Bible should be the aspiration of all Christians today. Cultural and Historical Context of the Old Testament An understanding of Israel’s history and geography is necessary for proper interpretation of the Old Testament. The Middle East provided the setting for the events recorded in the Old Testament, specifically Mesopotamia, Egypt, andRead MoreAncient Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Essay10692 Words   |  43 PagesCHAPTER 2: COMPARATIVE STUDIES, SCHOLARSHIP, AND THEOLOGY 6 CHAPTER 3: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10 CHAPTER 4: THE GODS 14 CHAPTER 5: TEMPLES AND RITUALS 19 CHAPTER 6: STATE AND FAMILY RELIGION 22 CHAPTER 7: COSMIC GEOGRAPHY 25 CHAPTER 8: COSMOLOGY AND COSMOGONY 28 CHAPTER 9: UNDERSTANDING THE PAST HUMAN ORIGINS AND ROLE 31 CHAPTER 10: UNDERSTANDING THE PAST 34 CHAPTER 11: ENCOUNTERING THE PRESENT 38 CHAPTER 12: ENCOUNTERING THE PRESENT 43 CHAPTER 13: ENCOUNTERINGRead MoreBook Summary of John H. Walton, Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament:4623 Words   |  19 PagesWalton’s Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible is broken up into fourteen chapters. Those fourteen chapters are each part of one of five sections. This book also contains over twenty historical images. Before the introduction, the author gives readers a full appendix of all images used in this published work. The author then gives his acknowledgements followed by a list of abbreviations. Part 1- Comparative studies The first section

An Argument Essay About Discrimination - 1635 Words

Argument Essay Some may say discrimination in America is a thing in the past, but is this a true statement? Are men and women always seen and treated as equals in our new and reformed nation? I am sure there are many debates out there proving or disproving this potential issue, but one in particular has caught my eye. Our military is made up of many different sections, and the men and women who were brave enough to raise their right hand and enlist in the service were given a skill to master resulting in a job to perform up to the highest standard. The military has many job offerings, ranging from supply specialist, which would be someone doing paper work and giving the other soldiers what they need to get their job done, all the way to infantry, those who are trained to engage, fight, and defeat the enemy in combat. Both men and women are authorized to enlist in the service, but both are not allowed to train in all job positions. It is no secret that when high controversy topics arise in the media, people have their personal opinions, each one believing they are â€Å"right.† Is there always a â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† answer, or can the morally correct answer be a combination of both sides of the argument? Should women be allowed to earn an infantry job in the military? When questioning those concerned with this topic the answers will be mixed with yes and no, each having their own opinions to back up their argument. If a woman wants and is able to perform to the trainingShow MoreRelated The Virtue of Discrimination Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Virtue of Discrimination Discrimination is a word that has taken on a negative connotation in todays society. Since the beginning of the equal rights movement, the perceived meaning of the word discrimination has shifted from that of a useful virtue to one of an insulting, derogatory word. 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Internet good or bad free essay sample

Is the internet good or bad? There is currently a lot of debate surrounding the topic of the internet. On one hand, many people feel that the internet is having a negative impact on our society. Their reasons include topics such as cyber safety or more specifically; pornographic sites, piracy, fraud and other nasty stuff. Many of these people feel that the use of the internet should be highly restricted in order to ensure the safety of the general public. Others argue that how and why the public uses the internet should be left up to the individual in question to decide. Research is the most common way that the internet is used and it has become one of the biggest sources for research. Students from all different grades of schooling are among the top people who are using the internet for research. In fact, nowadays, it is almost required that students use the Internet for school research. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet good or bad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Internet is so commonly used for research because of its limitless information. It is amazing how much information one has right at their fingertips. On the flip side, the accessibility to so much information can have disadvantages. Students using the Internet can easily be lured into dangerous activities such as pornography. Whether surfing the web, reading newsgroups or using e-mail youth are at risk of being exposed to extremely inappropriate material. Another way the internet is being used is through online business (e-commerce and e-banking) transactions. One example of e-business is online shopping. This makes life easy for the individual as he or she does not have to leave and can pretty much purchase what ever they want right from their own home. Online shopping has also brought many companies a lot of money as millions of dollars are spent every year by consumers who are shopping online. For financial institutions it has made the transfer of money easier, convenient, faster and safer. The negative effect of online transactions and business activities is that the information attached to these transactions can fall into the hands of the wrong people. Issues of theft and privacy are important to consider when thinking about doing any type of online activity that requests personal information. This is one of the privacy violations that can take place and it definitely has many potentially devastating financial consequences. Entertainment is one of the most popular reasons to surf the net. Downloading games, music, visiting chat rooms, reading the news and finding out about current sport’s scores are some of the common uses. Chat rooms are popular because users can easily meet new and interesting people. The Internet has actually been used by people to find life long partners! Although there are a lot of positive relationships and discussion groups developed through the internet there are also a lot of issues related to privacy. Electronic messages sent over the net can be easily snooped and tracked, revealing who is talking to whom and what they are talking about. It is very easy for strangers to gather information about you so it is imperative that you are careful and aware at all times. When downloading on the net, viruses might be downloaded with as well. Though viruses can be received through other means like the use of floppy, a major source is the internet. Today computers are getting viruses that can destroy the computer’s entire hard drive. A lot of people are not properly educated about such viruses and what actions they can take in order to be proactive against them. All of the issues that I have discussed can be researched in order to decrease, if not eradicate, the dangers of using the internet. The more aware we are of all the risks we face by using the internet the more we can make sure that we are taking all the necessary cautions. Preventive measures in relation to the internet need to be more fully researched and acted upon by teachers, parents and by the youth using the internet. Better monitoring and supervision by adults needs to be implicated. Providing individuals with the necessary counsel needs to start happening. Things like the fact that when giving personal information over the internet people should make sure the web site is protected with a recognizable security symbol. Then again it is also important that one understands that they are never fully protected because anyone may obtain a user’s information if they know enough about computers. Whether the internet is bad or good or whether it should be used or not should be determined by the individual in question. It is important that we bear in mind that the ongoing globalization will not be possible without the internet. The internet has essentially made the world a global village.